CODING Standards

This could be most briefed post in my blog but one of the most important posts.

We are going to talk about most generic and important topic so called "Standards" (which i think to be considered for writing).

In my view, there are no coding standards that to be followed unless you like it. If you ask me write me standards i will write hell of standards. The most important point in developer world should be, the code written by one has to be understandable and able to change by others and the code should be able to evolve with the changes and shouldn't be obsolete in near future atleast .

Few points to consider while coding any kind of program/project.

• We are capable of doing of miracles with the flexibility and feasibility given by the programming language, IDEs, frameworks, APIs but cleverness lies in how readable is it. So focus on readability.
• Read the standards provided by the developers. For example Sun/Oracle/etc provided some standards to be followed while writing Java.  The one i like the most is Google java style
• Every code works unless you find problems in it. Robustness lies in the way it works and how easy to find the issues and fix it.
• Know what to write where (Read the pros or cons of any standard/usage before applying it otherwise it may go weird.)
• Configuration v/s Performance. There is a trade of between configuration and performance. If it is too configurable, then it will be less performance and vice versa. (This is not true in all cases).
• Judge between different ways. There can be different ways to do the same task. Analyze before implementing it. 
• Time to Live. we heard the time to live only in messaging but developers has to think what is the life time of the code that is being written. Because after some days it may be obsolete because of the evolution of the programming languages and techniques. 
• Research, research and research. According to me, there should enough research and reason before development, don't develop and research for problem solving. Reason enough to develop. 

Most important point i want to conclude is 

"Read, Research, Understand, Justify and write standard, re-usable and readable code which can evolve with the changing world.".

When you think about most successful frameworks and programs thats the only secret.

Generics - Java

Generics

The main concept of Generics is to define typed variables and make the compiler to pre-check the types v/s values before actual execution of the program. So, in short, Generic type is a class or an interface which can be parameters for type. 

How to define

Generic is defined by using an angular brace like <T>.

Syntax:

class name<T1,T2,.... >

Example:

List<String> list = new ArrayList<String>();

Most of the classes (In fact all) of Collections are generic. So, when you look at the method of List class.

boolean add(E e);

E could be any type that you have defined while creating the instance of the List.

Points to be noted

So, there are couple of points to be noted before getting into the details of the generics.

What types:

Instead of looking for what types are allowed lets look at what types are not allowed because all types are allowed expect for primitives ;) 

How many:

There is no limit for the number of types that can be defined. We can define any number of types.

Where to define:

Generics can be defined for

• Classes
• Interfaces
• Constructors
• Methods

Uses

• Introduce strong types for the custom classes, collections
• Remove the explicit casting of objects.
• Autoboxing / Autounboxing features can be used directly with generics.
• Wildcards works (? extends and ? super)with generics which made the hierarchy typing as easy.

Explanation

Let's see the uses with an example for each

Strong Types and Casting

Let's define a List.

//Normal 
List oList = new ArrayList();

//Generic type
List<String> gList = new ArrayList<String>();

Here

• aList - can store any type of element in list object and developer has to be careful enough while reading and writing into it. 
• gList - can store only String types and compiler throws error while writing elements into it other than Strings.

Reading:

aList.add("name"); //Allowed
aList.add(1); //Allowed

gList.add("name"); //Allowed
gList.add(1) //Now allowed

Writing:

//aList operations
String str = (String)aList.get(0); //Requires explicit casting
Integer aInt = (Integer)aList.get(1); //Requires explicit casting

Integer incorrect = (Integer)aList.get(0); //No compilation error but throws runtime exception.

//gList operations
String a = gList.get(0) //No explicit casting.

Integer b = gList.get(1) //Not allowed. Compiler throws error. but still you can explicitly convert it to Integer.

Iterating:

//Using iterator
for (Iterator iter = gList.iterator(); iter.hasNext();) {
  String s = iter.next();
  System.out.print(s);
}

//Using foreach
for (String s: gList) {
   System.out.print(s);
}

Autoboxing / Autounboxing

We can define generics for any type expect for built-in types but autoboxing and unboxing works with generics like below without any issues.

//Autoboxing
Set set = new HashSet();
set.add(1);
set.add(3);

//Autounboxing
for(int s : set)
{
  System.out.println(s);
}

Wildcards

Even if we define a class with generic types, sometimes we may need to use them based on the hierarchy. It can be either a subclass declaration or super class declaration. The keywords for the wildcards used are

• ? extends T - Any class which extends T
• ? super T - Any class which is super to T

void eat(List<? extends Fruit> fruits); //This method accepts parameter any list of objects which is child of Fruit
void eat(List<? super Fruit> fruits); //This method accepts parameter any list of objects which is parent of Fruit 

Happy Learning!!!!